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Health effects of wine
The health effects of wine are mainly determined by its active ingredient alcohol. Drinking small quantities of alcohol (up to one drink per day for women and one to two drinks per day for men) is associated with a decreased risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and early death.〔 Drinking more than this amount, however, increases the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, and stroke.〔 Risk is greater in younger people due to binge drinking which may result in violence or accidents.〔 About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol each year.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics )〕 Alcoholism reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years and excessive alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States.〔 No professional medical association recommends that people who are nondrinkers should start drinking wine.〔http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/Alcohol-and-Heart-Health_UCM_305173_Article.jsp〕〔
Wine has a long history of use as an early form of medication, being recommended variously as a safe alternative to drinking water, an antiseptic for treating wounds, a digestive aid, and as a cure for a wide range of ailments including lethargy, diarrhea and pain from child birth. Ancient Egyptian Papyri and Sumerian tablets dating back to 2200 BC detail the medicinal role of wine, making it the world's oldest documented human-made medicine. Wine continued to play a major role in medicine until the late 19th and early 20th century, when changing opinions and medical research on alcohol and alcoholism cast doubt on its role as part of a healthy lifestyle.
==Moderate consumption==
Nearly all research into the positive medical benefits of wine consumption make a distinction between moderate consumption, heavy and binge drinking.〔 What constitutes a moderate, healthy level of consumption will vary by individual according to age, gender, genetics, weight and body stature as well as the situation-i.e. is food being consumed as well,〔 are any other drugs currently in the individual's system, etc. Women, in general, tend to absorb alcohol quicker than men due to their lower body water content, so their moderate levels of consumption tend to be lower than a male of equal age.〔 Some experts define "moderate consumption" less than one glass of wine per day for women and two glasses per day for men.〔
The view of consuming wine in moderation has a history almost as long as that of wine's role in medicine. The Greek poet Eubulus believed that three bowls (kylix) were the ideal amount of wine to consume. The number of three bowls for moderation is a common theme throughout Greek writing; today the standard 750 mL wine bottle contains roughly the volume of three Kylix cups (250 ml or 8 fl oz each).〔H. Johnson ''Vintage: The Story of Wine'' pg 35-46 Simon and Schuster 1989 ISBN 0-671-68702-6〕 However, the Kylix cups would have contained a diluted wine, at a 1:2 or 1:3 dilution with water. In his circa 375 BC play ''Semele or Dionysus'', Eubulus has Dionysus say:
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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